One of digital communication's most useful tools, both analytically and practically, is the constellation diagram. These diagrams encompass signal constellations, which chronologically and ...

When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works. The distribution of content involves the need to adapt digital information to its means of ...

Modern communications systems employ bandwidth-efficient modulation techniques, such as quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM). With QAM, the amplitude and phase of a sinusoidal signal are both varied ...

The classical Shannon capacity limit is well-known to communications engineers. It is useful in setting an absolute limit to what can be achieved in conveying information through a channel affected by ...